Monday, March 23, 2015





Untitled Document




File Management Commands

DOS Wildcards

Wildcards


Wildcards are characters that can be used to stand-in for unknown characters in file names. In card games, a wildcard is a card that can match up with any other cards.

In DOS, wildcard characters can match up with any character that is allowable in a file name.

There are two wildcards in DOS:

* = matches up with any combination of allowable characters

? = matches up with any single allowable character

Of course, since these two characters are used for wildcards, they are not allowable in filenames themselves. A filename like myfile?.txt would not be allowed. If you tried to create a file with this name you would get an error message "Bad file name." But wildcards are very useful in any DOS command which uses a filename as an argument.

The apostrophe character, *, can stand in for any number of characters. examples



c:\>del *.doc

This command would delete every file with the doc extension from the root directory of

C: . So files like myfile.doc, testfile.doc, and 123.doc would all be deleted.

C:\>copy ab*.txt a:

This command would copy every file that began with ab, and had an extension of txt, to the floppy drive

A: . So files like abstract.txt, abalone.txt , and abba.txt would all be copied.

C:\temp\>del *.*



This is the fastest way to clean out a directory. This command will delete every file in the directory C:\temp\. The first apostrophe covers every filename, and the second one covers every extension.



C:\>del ?.doc

This command would only delete files that had a single character filename and a doc extension from the root directory. So a file like a.doc or 1.doc is history, but a file like io.doc is perfectly safe, since it has two characters.



C:\>copy ab?.txt a:



were ab, and with a txt extension, to the floppy drive A: . So files like abz.txt and ab2.txt would be copied.

You can combine these wildcards in any command as well.

C:\temp\>del *ab?.do?

This command would be very selective. It would look in the temp directory for files that had anywhere from 1 to 5 beginning characters, followed by ab followed by one character, and which had an extension of do followed by any one character.

It would then delete any such files as matched. Examples of matching files would be itab3.dox, mearabt.doq, and 123abc.doc. But the file allabon.doc would not be deleted because it does not match. It has two characters following the letters ab in the filename, and the command specified one character in that position.

Lets refer next tutorial



File Management Commands,DOS Wildcards

Untitled Document File Management Commands DOS Wildcards Wildcards Wildcards are characters that can be used to stand-in for unkn...
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Untitled Document




HTML comment and headings.

 

Comments in HTML

Comments will add to increase the readability of your HTML code as well as details about your code.Browser will not display your comment.

we want to set a comment in HTML we use <!—comment--> tag.

The comment tag includes the actual comment text. Any instance of --> ends the comment. Whitespace may be included between the -- and the > but not between the <! and the first --.

EX :-

<!--this is comment-->

Set a Headings in HTML web page.




There are 6 styles to add a heading to your HTML web page.

When set Headings using <h1> , <h2> ,<h3> ,<h4>, <h5> ,<h6> tags.

Each tag has each font sizes. Do following activity for understand behaviors of this tags.

<html>

<head><title>My first web page</title>

</head>

<H1>HTML is Easy</H1>

<h2>HTML is Easy</h2>

<h3>HTML is Easy</h3>

<h4>HTML is Easy</h4>

<h5>HTML is Easy</h5>

<h6>HTML is Easy</h6>

</html>

Set alignment to the headings.

For set alignment to the heading using align option. When choose alignment of heading, It can be 3 types.

  1. Left
  2. Right
  3. Center

Now lets see how to set alignment to the heading.

<html>

<title>My first web page</title>

<H1 align="center">HTML is Easy</H1>

<h2 align="right">HTML is Easy</h2>

<h3 align="left">HTML is Easy</h3>

</html>

Lets refer next tutorial



HTML comment and headings for beginers

Untitled Document HTML comment and headings.   Comments in HTML Comments will add to increase the readability of your HTML code as...
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Untitled Document




DOS Directory Commands

continue with previous tutorial

DELTREE

This command was added later as an external command. It will delete an entire subdirectory "tree", i.e. a subdirectory, plus all of the files it contains, plus all of the subdirectories it contains, and all of the files they contain, etc.,

all in one easy command. This makes it a dangerous command, because it can wipe out so much stuff so easily. It

even ignores file attributes, so you can wipe out hidden, read-only, and system files without knowing it.

You can even wipe out multiple trees by specifying them in the command:

C:\>deltree c:\letters c:\memos

This would wipe out both of these subdirectories in one command.

This is one of those commands where you really ought to think twice before you use it. It has its place, definitely.

We can remember how tedious it was to first go into each subdirectory, delete the individual files, check each subdirectory for contents, delete each subdirectory one at a time, then jump up one level and repeat the process.

DELTREE is a great timesaver when you need it. But I would never use it for ordinary maintenance because one false move can do so much damage.

DIR

This command displays the contents of a subdirectory, but it also can function like a search command, which many people do not realize. This is one of the most used

commands in all of DOS, and learning to use it properly is a great time saver.

DIR will display the contents of the current working subdirectory, or with an optional PATH argument it will display the contents of some other subdirectory. The real power of

the DIR command comes with all of the optional switches available to you.

You can display files in a variety of formats, for instance:

Switch Purpose
/p Will pause the screen when a full screen's worth of information has been displayed. You will see "Press any key to continue...", and press of a key will display one more screen. Great for searching those long lists.
/w Will display the file names and subdirectory names in several columns (i.e. wide), but without any other details.
/b Bare format, displays file names only, without any other information.

Next tutorial



MS DOS Directory Commands for beginers 2

Untitled Document DOS Directory Commands continue with previous tutorial DELTREE This command was added later as an external com...
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Untitled Document




DOS Directory Commands




DOS uses directories to organize the files on your disks. That means we need to use directory commands to create a structure to store our files, and to find the files we have stored there.

The commands we need are relatively few:

COMMAND USE FOR
MD

(or MKDIR)		 Create a new directory or subdirectory
RD

(or RMDIR)		 Remove a directory or subdirectory
CD

(or CHDIR)		 Change from the current working directory to another directory
DIR List the contents of the current working directory
DELTREE Erases a directory, including any files or subdirectories it may contain.

Because working with directories is central to what DOS does, all of these (except DELTREE) are Internal commands, contained within COMMAND.COM, and therefore

loaded into RAM and ready for your use whenever you boot, including from a boot disk.

You will note that the first three commands have two versions, a two-letter shorter name and a longer name. There is no real difference in use, so I will use the short form consistently in the presentation.

MD

This command creates a new directory or subdirectory. (Actually, since the root is the main directory, all directories are subdirectories. So I will refer to subdirectories in all of

the following.) Optional argument is the PATH, but if no PATH is included, the subdirectory will be created in the current working subdirectory

Example:

C:\>md letters

This would create the subdirectory

C:\letters

With a path included, you can create a subdirectory anywhere.

C:\>md c:\letters\love

If you are in a different working subdirectory:

C:\letters\>md love

This would have the same effect as the previous example. Since we were already in the C:\letters subdirectory as our current working subdirectory, we can leave out the path information since this is where we want the subdirectory created.

Limitations: The length of a PATH specification cannot exceed 63 characters, including backslashes.

RD

This command removes a subdirectory. The subdirectory must be empty. If it contains files and/or subdirectories, you will get an error message.

This also has an optional PATH argument, and has the same syntax as MD. Note that you cannot remove the current working subdirectory. To do this, CD to the parent subdirectory first, then remove the undesired subdirectory.

The RD command can sometimes be a little confusing because of the safeguards that DOS builds into the command. The idea that you cannot delete a subdirectory that has contents, for instance, is a safety measure. (DELTREE gets around this, but is a dangerous command for precisely that reason.)

How can you tell if a subdirectory is empty? By using the DIR command to display its contents.



Lets see tutorial



MS DOS Directory Commands for beginers

Untitled Document DOS Directory Commands DOS uses directories to organize the files on your disks. That means we need to use di...
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HTML basic For beginners




HTML Basics

 



What constitutes a Tag?

A tag can consist of the following three items inside the angle brackets, or wickets.

Element - Provides the main instruction of the tag. Elements include <FONT>, <TABLE>, and many others.

Attribute -Specifies a quality or describes a certain aspect of the element. For example, <p> has several attributes, including ALIGN.

Value - Gives value to the element and its attribute. For example, <DIV ALIGN="center"> has a value that allows you to center text.

Some HTML tags use only an element and do not support attributes and values. Others,such as the <DIV> tag, support attributes and values.

HTML Document.

<HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE>Web Page Title</TITLE>

</HEAD>

<BODY>

Our web page body is here

</BODY>

</HTML>

The Document Type Declaration (DTD) statement begins your HTML code by specifying the HTML version number and type used in the document. You should note that the DTD statement is technically not an HTML statement, but an SGML statement. The opening <HTML> and closing </HTML> tags enclose the entire page.

Within any page, there are two document sections: the HEAD and the BODY. Each of these sections has corresponding <HEAD> and <BODY> container tags that enclose any text or other tags pertaining to those sections.

Every page should have a title, enclosed within <TITLE> tags in the HEAD section.

The title is very important. Text between <TITLE> tags will appear in the title box of the browser window, in the history list, and on the page when printed.

Title text also becomes the bookmark name if the page is bookmarked or added to a browser Favorites folder.

All text to be displayed on the page through the browser or HTML interpreter needs to appear between the <BODY> and </BODY> tags.

Element Use for
<html> Identifies the document type as HTML.
<head> Encloses the HEAD section of the document. The title will appear

in the HEAD section, and also java script,css external document links will appear.
<title> Encloses the text that will appear in the browser title bar when the page is loaded. The TITLE container is itself contained within the <HEAD> tags.web search engines will firstly compair this title with what is search.
<body> the web page body is create in the BODY tag,section will appear in the browser window when that page is loaded.

 


Lets see next tutorial



HTML basic For beginners

HTML basic For beginners HTML Basics   What constitutes a Tag? A tag can consist of the following three items inside the angl...
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Friday, March 20, 2015





Java Script Introduction for beginers




Java Script Introduction



Java script is web programing language.

In java script you can perform tasks such as,

Performing mathematical calculations on numbers such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

Working with text to find out how long a sentence is, or where the first occurrence of a specified letter is within a section of text.

Checking if one value (a number or letter) matches another.

Checking if one value is shorter or longer, lower or higher than another.

Repeating an action a certain number of times or until a condition is met (such as a user pressing a button).

That says when we want to do some process in the web page basically using java script programing language.

Java script is a object oriented programing language.

It also case sensitive as like java.

In the script, space , tag are avoiding and they are not cause to what will say in the code.

All of web browsers are support to java script and we can disable java script in web browser.

Set comment with java script.

If we set a comment in java script the comment is not publish or that comment is not involve to process in web page.

When set a one line comment in java script using       

 //comment­­_____

When we set a multi-line comment in java script using

/* comment

 

Comment____*/

 

OK Now lets see how to insert java script code to my html page.

There are several things to set a java script to my web page.


Using <script> element.

this element can use with in head tag or with in body tag.

The code should write in this element as following example

<script>

document.write("I like Java Script")

</script>

 

EX:-

<html>

<head></head>

<body>

<script>

document.write("I like Java Script")

</script>

</body>

</html>

lets see next tutorial..

 



Java script introduction for beginers

Java Script Introduction for beginers Java Script Introduction Java script is web programing language. In java script you can ...
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Thursday, March 19, 2015





MS DOS for learners and beginers




History of Microsoft DOS



MS-DOS 1.0 was released August, 1981.

MS-DOS 1.25 was released August, 1982.

MS-DOS 2.0 was released March, 1983.

Microsoft introduces MS-DOS 3.0 for the IBM PC AT and MS-DOS 3.1 for networks.

MS-DOS 3.2 was released April, 1986.

MS-DOS 3.3 was released April, 1987.

MS-DOS 4.0 was released July, 1988.

MS-DOS 4.01 was released November, 1988.

MS-DOS 5.0 was released June, 1991.

MS-DOS 6.0 was released August, 1993.

MS-DOS 6.2 was released November, 1993


DOS SYNTAX





SWITCHES= /F /K /N /E[:n]

/F Skips the two-second delay after displaying the "Starting MS-DOS"

message during startup.
/K Forces an enhanced keyboard to behave like a conventional keyboard.
/N Prevents you from using the F5 or F8 key to bypass startup commands.

(SWITCHES /N does not prevent you from pressing CTRL+F5 or CTRL+F8

to bypass Drvspace.bin or Dblspace.bin; to prevent this, use the D**SPACE
/SWITCHES Command to add the SWITCHES /N setting to your D**space.ini file.)
/E[:N] Used without the :n parameter, indicates that Io.sys should suppress the

automatic relocation of EBIOS. (Automatic relocation of EBIOS increases

the conventional memory available to MS -DOS-based programs.)

Suppressing automatic relocation results in less conventional memory

available to MS-DOS-based programs. Use the /E switch with the n

parameter to relocate N bytes of EBIOS to low memory, where n is the

number of bytes to be relocated. The minimum value for n is 48 and the

maximum value is 1024. The number specified is always rounded up to the

next multiple of 16.

 

 



MS DOS for learners and beginers Dos Syntax

MS DOS for learners and beginers History of Microsoft DOS MS-DOS 1.0 was released August, 1981. MS-DOS 1.25 was released August...
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Wednesday, March 18, 2015





Network Topology




What is DOS?



Internal commands


A command that is stored in the system memory and loaded from the command.com. Below are examples of internal MS -DOS commands currently listed in the Computer dos
database.



    Assoc Break Call CD Chdir Cls Color Copy Ctty Date Del Dir Drivparm Echo Erase Exit For LH Loadhigh Lock Md Mkdir Move Path Pause Prompt Rd Ren Rename Rmdir Set Switches Time Type

External command


A MS-DOS command that is not included in command.com. External commands are commonly external either because it requires large requirements and/or are not commonly used commands. Below are examples of MS-DOS external commands currently listed in the Computer dos database.

    Append Arp Assign At Attrib Cacls Chcp Chkdsk Chkntfs Choice Comp Compact Convert Debug Defrag Deltree Diskcomp Diskcopy Doskey Dosshell Edit Edlin Expand Extract Fasthelp Fc Fdisk Find Format Graftabl Help Ipconfig Label Loadfix Mem Mode More Msav Mscdex Mscdexnt Msd Nbtstat Net Netstat Nlsfunc Nslookup Pathping Ping Power Print Route Scandisk Scanreg Setver Share Shutdown Smartdrv Sort Subst Sys Tracert Tree Undelete Unformat

Lets see next tutorial



MS DOS For beginers

Network Topology What is DOS? Internal commands A command that is stored in the system memory and loaded from the command.co...
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Network Topology




Network topology

Hi friends, today we are going to talk about network topology



The Network topology describe the physical and logical design of the network Physical topologies describe how the cables are run.

Logical topologies describe how the network messages travel.

There are several types of topology.

  • Bus topology

  • Ring topology

  • Mash topology

  • Star topology

  • Bus topology

BUS TOPOLOGY



A bus is the simplest physical topology.

It consists of a single cable that runs to every workstation.

This topology uses the least amount of cabling, but also covers the shortest amount of distance. If we want to increase the distance should use a repeater.

Each computer shares the same data and address path.

With a logical bus topology, messages pass through the trunk, and each workstation checks to see if the message is addressed to itself.

If the address of the message matches the workstation’s address, the network adapter copies the message to the card’s on-board memory.

Disadvantages of bus topology

  • it is difficult to add a workstation
  • have to completely reroute the cable and possibly run two additional lengths of it.
  • if any one of the cables breaks, the entire network is disrupted. Therefore, it is very expensive to maintain.

 

STAR TOPOLOGY



  • A star topology connects all cables to a central device called a hub or switch.  
  • A physical star topology branches each network device off a central device called a hub or switch, making it very easy to add a new workstation.
  • Also, if any workstation goes down it does not affect the entire network. (But, as you might expect, if the central device goes down, the entire network goes down.)
  • Some types of Ethernet and ARCNet use a physical star topology. Figure 8.7 gives an example of the organization of the star network.

Advantages and disadvantages of star topology

  • Star topologies are easy to install. A cable is run from each workstation to the hub. The hub is placed in a central location in the office.
  • Star topologies are more expensive to install than bus networks, because there are several more cables that need to be installed, plus the cost of the hubs that are needed.

Ring topology



  • A ring topology connects one host to the next and the last host to the first.
  • This creates a physical ring of cable.
  •  Each entity participating in the ring reads a message, then regenerates it and hands it to its neighbor on a different network cable.

Disadvantages of ring topology

  • The ring makes it difficult to add new computers.
  • If cable will be damaged the whole network will be dropped.
  • Physical ring topology systems don’t exist much anymore, mainly because the hardware involved was fairly expensive and the fault tolerance was very low.

MESH TOPOLOGY



  • A mesh topology is implemented to provide as much protection as possible from interruption of service.
  • Each host has its own connections to all other hosts.
  •  Although the Internet has multiple paths to any one location, it does not adopt the full mesh topology.

Advantages and disadvantages

  • Because of its design, the physical mesh topology is very expensive to install and maintain.
  • Cables must be run from each device to every other device. The advantage you gain from it is its high fault tolerance.
  • With a logical mesh topology, however, there will always be a way of getting the data from source to destination.
  • It may not be able to take the direct route, but it can take an alternate, indirect route. It is for this reason that the mesh topology is still found in WANs to connect multiple sites across WAN links. It uses devices called routers to search multiple routes through the mesh and determine the best path.
  • However, the mesh topology does become inefficient with five or more entities.

lets see next tutorial



Network Topology, network tutorials for beginers

Network Topology Network topology Hi friends, today we are going to talk about network topology The Network topology describe ...
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Local Area Network Introduction for beginners




Local Area Network

Hi Friends.Today we are going to learn about Local Area network

Lets start.....



Local Area Network - A local area network (LAN) is a group of computers and associated devices that share a common communications line or wireless link.

A local area network (LAN) is a computer network covering a small geographic area, like a home, office or with in building.

A network is simply a collection of computers or other hardware devices that are connected together, either physically or logically, using special hardware and software, to allow them to exchange information and cooperate. Networking is the term that describes the processes involved in designing, implementing, upgrading, managing and otherwise working with networks and network technologies.

Advantages of a network

Communication

Hardware Sharing

Software sharing

Internet sharing

Data security and management

Managing devices from one point called server

Entertainment

Disadvantages of a network

Network hardware and software cost.

Data Security threats

Hardware software and network administrator cost

 

Client server network

Client server network means, all of computers (Client) are connected to the centralized server and it will providing services to a larger number of user machines.

 




Local Area Network Introduction for beginners

Local Area Network Introduction for beginners Local Area Network Hi Friends.Today we are going to learn about Local Area network L...
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Tuesday, March 17, 2015





HTML Introduction



HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is the set of markup symbols and that says to web browser how to display a Web page's words and images for the user.

HTML is mark up language

HTML is not case sensitive mark up language.

Each individual markup code is referred to as an element.

Each tag has an opening tag and closing tag.

<title>
</title>

But every tag are not closing tags.They are called Empty Tags.
<br>

When create  HTML file using any ASCII supporting editor as like notepad, sublime, WordPad.


When we save this HTML Document using .html or .htm as file extension.



EX:- first code.html


Lets see basic syntax in html.

TITLE Encloses the text that will appear in the browser title bar when the page is loaded.

The TITLE container is itself contained within the  <HEAD> tags.

When start the html document using <html> tag.


The <TITLE> tag is used to specify the text appears in the Web browser’s title bar.

Ex:-

<html>
<head>
<title>My first web page</title>
</head>
</html>
Type this code in notepad, save and open with using web browser.

HTML Introduction

HTML Introduction HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is the set of markup symbols and that says to web browser how to display a Web ...
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